Hydrogenated vegetable oil / Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (biodiesel)

Hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) - also known as hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) - is a type of renewable diesel while HEFA is a type of drop-in biokerosene, meaning it is a drop-in fuel and theoretically has no upper blend limit with fossil diesel and kerosene, though it is currently capped at 50% blend for use in aviation. HVO is produced via well-known hydrotreatment commonly used at petroleum refineries. An oil feedstock (vegetable oil such a soybean, palm or rapeseed, or waste oils such as animal fats and used cooking oils) is reacted with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to remove oxygen and break the triglycerides in the oil into three separate hydrocarbon chains. When compared to FAME biodiesel, HVO/HEFA has better storage stability, cold flow properties and a higher cetane number (higher ignitibility). HVO/HEFA kerosene/jet fuel is an American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)-certified sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) pathway, allowed to be blended up to 50%.